Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Alireza Gharagozlou ¹
• Mohamad mahdi Kalantari ²
• Atena Soheilazizi ²

¹ Geotechnical Engineering department, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

² Bachelor Student in Geography, Specializing in Remote Sensing and GIS, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran

Abstract

Land use change detection is critical for sustainable environmental management, yet uncertainties from noise, mixed pixels, and spectral similarities challenge its accuracy. This study conducts a comparative analysis of classical machine learning methods—Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, and Maximum Likelihood classifiers—and modern approaches, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks and Bayesian Neural Networks, to evaluate their efficacy in managing uncertainty across urban, agricultural, and aquatic contexts. Utilizing global and Iranian case studies, the research assesses performance metrics, including accuracy, uncertainty management, and computational complexity, through quantitative and qualitative syntheses. Findings reveal that modern methods outperform classical approaches, with Convolutional Neural Networks achieving 90–95% accuracy and Bayesian Neural Networks reaching 91.85% in urban settings, driven by robust feature extraction and probabilistic uncertainty quantification. Classical methods, while less accurate (65–92%), offer computational efficiency, making them viable in resource-constrained regions. The study highlights practical implications for Iran’s urban and agricultural monitoring and global sustainability goals, proposing hybrid approaches and multi-modal data integration to balance accuracy and accessibility. Despite their potential, challenges such as computational intensity, data scarcity, and model interpretability persist, necessitating future research into lightweight algorithms, semi-supervised learning, and explainable artificial intelligence. This analysis advances the field by providing a framework for method selection, enhancing the reliability of land use change detection for environmental policy and resource management.

Keywords

• Land use change detection
• machine learning
• uncertainty management
• hybrid approaches
• multi-modal data integration